Measures of Personality Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Measures of Personality Research - Essay Example Appreciating the fact that human behavior falls into certain personality types and groups makes us less judgmental when observing someone's behaviour (Renee 1998). We see behavior that's quite in contrast to our own actually follows a pattern exhibited by many people of that type. Understanding these differences enables us to communicate in more efficient ways when we know another's personality type. Two important personality indicators in widespread use are the Meyer-Briggs Type Index and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The Meyers-Briggs Type Index or MBTI is a personality test indicating an individual's personality preferences or type of personality he or she is, for example whether the person is largely extroverted or introverted, whether thought or intuition dominates the mental processes. The results of this test offers indications as to which work situations an employee might be best suited, and if they are in conflict or in harmony. The MBTI was developed by Katherine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Myers in the 1920's and published in 1975 having undergone stringent testing for validity and reliability. The method is based on Swiss psychologist Carl Jung, who talked of personality types in his book Psychological Types (Quenk 1999) Although the MBTI has been around since 1956, it wasn't until 1975 that it became available to all qualified professionals who could administer the test and since then over 30 million people have taken part in it. It is now one of the most widely used personality test tools with an annual use of about 2 million people (Quenk 1999). The MBTI gives individuals a greater understanding of themselves. The different indicators of personality show that people communicate and decide upon things differently. The various personality type preferences can sway experiences, learning, life choices and the things that motivate people. It is a framework for gaining insights into the personality of others and also our own. Since the tool of use is a self-report questionnaire, it is not actually a test since there are no right or wrong answers, but acts as an indicator looking at normal behavior. Rather than identifying skills, abilities, competencies, the indicator scrutinizes preferences. The indicator does not favor some personality traits over others and each is considered to have its own merits. The MBTI is a useful tool to build teams in a workplace, act as a career guidance for students or job seekers and provide a gauge for leadership qualities. The MBTI consists of 4 scales of opposite preferences or dichotomies (Quenk 1999). 1) The manner in which we channel personal energy can be either through Extraversion or Introversion. E or I. Extroverts channel their energies outwards. They show a keen interest in the people and things and receive energy from communicating and interacting with others. Introverts channel their energies inwardly and show greater interests in thoughts and reflective ideas. 2) The manner in which we absorb external information can be through Sensing or iNtution. S or N. Individuals who show tendencies towards sensing, favor absorbing information from the five senses of sight, sound, smell, touch and taste. They

Ethics, Political Philosophy and IR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ethics, Political Philosophy and IR - Essay Example International law tries wherever possible to take a non-biased stance, not favouring one region or another during conflict. However, this is difficult where two regions are in conflict with one another and have different views and desires. This type of problem was the case for both Kosovo and Palestine. Kosovo was a territory of Serbia although it declared its independence in 2008 and was subsequently accepted by the international community, while Palestine remains a territory of Israel. This has become a difficult international relations issue, and Palestine continues to be a territory of Israel, which has been the source of much violence instigated by both sides. The difference in approaches by the international players has occurred because of the warfare that is occurring between Israel and Palestine, and the terrorism component of the Palestinian government. This makes it difficult for international organisations and external states to support Palestine. An additional important a spect is the fact that Kosovo deliberately manipulated their position in order to gain international sympathy and assistance. Background Kosovo is located in southeast Europe with a land area of 10,887 square kilometres and a population of approximately 1.8 million people. It gained its independence from Serbia in February of 2008 and is now recognised as an independent state. Although the US and the EU have recognised the independence of Kosovo, some states, including Serbia, contest this and do not feel that the state should be considered as independent . The decision to grant Kosovo independence in the international arena was unusual, as conflict has been occurring between Kosovo and Serbia. Nevertheless, the move of Kosovo was considered to be legal under international law and the state consequently became independent . However, the same is not true of the Palestinian territories. The Palestine territories are not recognised as an independent state, instead they are considered t o be part of Israel. The conflict between Israel and Palestine has been ongoing, with external states and international agencies attempting to facilitate resolution. External states hoped that eventually Palestine could be recognised as an independent, democratic state, however, this has not come to pass. In 1993, Israel agreed to allow a period of self-rule for Palestinian territories. However, they maintain military, maritime and airspace control of the region, as well as restricting access. The Palestinian territories are areas of continued violence and debate. The territories consist of two main regions, the larger West Bank and the smaller Gaza Strip. The regions are controlled separately. Mahmud Abbas, the elected Palestinian president in 2005 governs the West Bank, while members of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) control the Gaza strip. As Palestine seeks to gain its independence to be recognised internationally, violence continues to rage between the two sides . Isra el’s approach to Palestine has resulted in occupation for close to 30 years, and economic initiatives that have damaged Palestine while strengthening Israel . Conflict continues to grow between Palestine and Israel and the situation is now that of a civil

Wine Manufacturing Processes in India

Wine Manufacturing Processes in India INTRODUCTION In India wine industry develop as a new emerging field. The consumption of wine in India is very large have a great economy. Due new emerging field wine industry have a lot of opportunity also have challenges to show your talent. Now in days servicing drinking of wine become status symbol. The challenges come out due to different rules taxation in each state of India. Each state government has their own rule taxation policy for wine business. The challenge also still occurs due to Indian culture tradition because servicing drinking of wine assume as a western culture so marketing of wine in domestic region become a hard challenge. Cost quality of wine firstly decide for business in domestic region. In urban area people accepted the western culture servicing of wine in parties vocation become style statement but to develop wine market in rural area is a big challenge because rural people assume as a bad tradition to drink wine. At the tourism places multicity like Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Karnataka, Varanasi, Lucknow city in up many tourists comes they wants to drink fine good quality of wine so growth in tourism sector is correlated with growth of wine industry. In current scenario due to accepting western culture becoming style statement the market of alcoholic beverage changes globally. A lot of new market comes out redefining distribution method helping the wine market to reach the potential customer. In between last 10 year it has been seen that middle class people accepted the western culture contribute into the consumption of wine at a faster rate. Through the use of internet, television cinema drinking of wine increase widely all over India. Indian wine industry organizes many events club to getting the coverage of media to reach the people attract them for joining to the industry. This event organizes only for advertisement attracts huge number of customer. The product offered by vintner to the customer from regular brand in minimum affordable price. The growth rate of Indian market for wine industry is 25-30%. The researcher showing that 100 million people in next five year will be legally allowed to drink alcohol. In biotechnology field manufacturing of wine is done by the biological tools such as microbes bacteria. According to Indian market the cost of wine should be low quality must be fine this is the basic funda of biotechnology. The use of biological tools means to get brilliant quality quality means fitness for purpose so for a biotechnologist wine industry has a great opportunity good career. WINE MANUFACTURING Formation or manufacturing of wine is known as Vinification. Wine making process is ordinary categories into two groups one is still wine production i.e. without carbonation other second is sparkling wine production i.e. with carbonation. The wine making technology is known as Oenology wine maker is called Vintner. RAW MATERIALS FOR WINE PRODUCTION Grapes fruit, berries, apple many other sugar rich fruit are raw material for wine production. PROCESS OF WINE PRODUCTION Quality of wine is decided by selection of grape fruits. Good quality of grape means good quality of wine. Minerals nutrient in soil, its ph, weather, time of harvesting affects the quality of grape. Collectively these effects in the term of grape fruits are known as grape’s terroir. Grapes are growing in vineyard. Harvesting i.e. picking of grape for wine production from vineyard is done by mechanical or by hand. Mechanical harvesting take short time cover large area while hand harvesting take more time but the advantage of hand harvesting is that we can pick only ripe cluster of grape. Vitis vinifera species of grape is more preferable for wine production. FORMULATION OF MUST OR PULP Squeezing is next process after the selection of grape. Grape fruit squeeze normally by which the content of fruit release. The releasing content of grape is called must or pulp. In the vine industry vine made at a large scale so far squeezing is done by crusher known as destemmer.For the manufacturing of red vine stem from the bunches of grapes removed because these stem contains high tannin and give an undesirable smell. These smell is due to 2-Methoxy-3-isopropyl pyrazine.The color of red vine comes from skin of grape. On vini fera vines are the execption.It contains malvidin 3, 5-Diglucoside anthosyanin which is a dark pigment. White vine initiate without squeezing and avoid removing the skin. Avoid to removing skin is so for the flavor. Adding of potassium ion precipitate to the skin protein into the bitartrate which increases the pH of juice. In the production of rose vine grape fruits squeezed and dark skin left with must of grape for a long period to extract the desirable color of vine. BASIC FERMENTATION On the surface of grapes yeast are present in the white powdery form. These are the natural yeast and basic fermentation is done by natural yeast. In the basic fermentation one problem occur that some sugar of grape must remains unfermented. This unfermented sugar makes vine sweet so culture yeast are often added into yeast. Yeast ferments the sugar into alcohol and CO2 . Temperature affects the rate of fermentation. For red vine production temperature should be 22-25 C* and for white wine 15-18 C*. From one gram of sugar half gram of alcohol is produce so far to get 8% concentration of alcohol most should be contains 16% concentration of sugar. After Basic fermentation secondary or malolactic fermentation start. This process is done by lactic acid bacteria. STABILZATION OF WINE There are two processes for stabilization or clarification of wine. Cold Stabilization – This process is used for remove to tartrate crystal. This tartrate crystal is formed by adjoining of tartaric acid and potassium ion. This crystal appears as clear sand in the wine. These are known as wine crystal or wine diamond. For the separating of this crystal the temperature of wine decreases at the freezing level and put it for one to two weeks. By this process crystal stick on the wall of the holding vessels. Wine is ejected from the vessels and crystal left behind it. Heat Stabilization – For the removing of unstable protein from wine heat stabilization is done. Heat stabilization prevents the precipitation of this protein. SECONDARY OR MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are responsible for the malolactic fermentation. To shape the wine from the oxidation it kept in air lock system. Secondary fermentation takes places in large steel vessels. Wine also kept in oak barrel. For the desirable change in test, Wine put in to oak barrel. One is notable that use of LAB cans undesirable change in the flavor of wine which is undesirable. Types of lactic acid bacteria LAB— Leconostoc Pediococus Lacttobasilus These are gram +ve bacteria, Wine LAB are microaerophili i.e these bacteria can grow in low O2 containing material. Due to their microaerophilic nature they catalyzes whole sugar, acid and other material present In container of wine that is not only at the surface of container, SOURCE OF LAB The main source of LAB is layer of grape fruit and grape leaves. Contaminated equipment as like pumps, walves and storage container wooden barrels are also the source of LAB. At the stage of alcoholic fermentation population of LAB decreases because yeast competes with this bacteria and form ethylalcohol and SO2. At the period of fermentation number of LAB increases rapidly and reaches up to 106 to 108 cell/ml. Generally leuconostoc grow in this condition and carry out malolactic fermentation but when pH of wine is high that is 3.5, pediococcus and lactobasillus also carry the malolactic fermentation. When the pH of wine is more than 3.5 and sulpherdioxide level is insufficient fluff causing LAB develop into the wine and wine become bubble. After the malolactic fermentation wine should be preserved very carefully. DIFFERENT WAY OF SPOILAGE (BUBBLING) OF WINE BY LAB Sugar Fermentation – Malolactic fermentation done by LAB. LAB catalyzes to sugars like glucose and fructose into lactic acid and CH3COOH. The vinegar like smell comes out due to acetic acid. This is the reason for bubbling of wine and takes places in must with fast fermentation or with high concentration of sugar in wine. Due to fermentation lactic and acetic acid decreases the pH of wine and resulting low growth of microorganism. Glycerol Degradation – LAB catalyzes glycerol into lactic acid, acetic acid and acrolein. Due to presence of acrolein test of wine become bitter. Tartaric Acid Fermentation – Tartaric acid are fermented into lactic acid, acetic acid % CO2 by LAB. This is done at low acidity and high pH. This acidity further catalyzes and vinegar likes aroma and bad test. Citric Acid Fermentation – Amount of citric acid decreases in wine at time of fermentation. This amount is depending on type of LAB and pH of wine. Ropiness – Some specific genera of leuconostoc produces dextran slime and musilaginous substance and resulting wine appears oily and do not have high volatile acidity. The very bad smelling of wine s due to lactic spoilage and known as mousy and geranium like aroma. The mousy aroma in wine is due to formation of acetyl tetrahdyropyridine. Lactobacillus is responsible for production of these compound. Geranium like aroma in wine is produced by formation of 2-ethoxyhexa-3, 5-diene from the catalyzing of sorbic acid by the LAB. Presence of this compound, wine become undrinkable. To prevent this aroma from wine growth of LAB must be handled. METHOD OF PREVENTION OF WINE SPOILAGE For the prevention of wine spoilage 3 factors are responsible. Composition of wine/must Practices of vinification Interrelationship with other organism Composition of wine/must – The growth of LAB is affected by the pH of wine. The Initiation and duration of malolactic fermentation is affected by the pH of wine. Growth of LAB and malolactic character is also determined by the pH of wine. According to researches malolactic fermentation decreases with increase in pH. The research report show that at pH 3.15 malolactic fermentation take 23.4 weeks while at pH 3.84.This process complete in 2 weeks.pH pf must also decide the type of LAB for malolactic fermentation. At below 3.5 pH, malolactic fermentation is done by leuconostoc and at above 3.5 pH pediococcus and lactobacillus carry out the malolactic fermentation. Controlling the pH of wine is best method for preventing from spoilng. For controlling the growth of harmful bacteria SulpherDioxide is uses. It’s a very effective germicid. In wine sulpherdioxide exist as free or bound form. It affect the pH of wine. The free from of sulpherdioxide is increases by decreases in pH of wine, so maintaining low pH of wine is profitable. In forming sulpherdioxide which is most effective tool for controlling the LAB. Sulpherdioxide bound with certain carbonyl compound like acetyldehide. This form of sulpherdioxide is known as bound sulpherdioxide. When LAB catalyzes this carbonyl compound sulpherdioxide releasea and works as free sulpherdioxide.which restricted the growth of bacteria. The molecular sulpherdioxide at the concentration 0.8ppm works very effectively to controlling the growth of LAB. Lactobacillus trichods and alcoholic bacteria which contains 20% alcohol. pH and storage temperature of wine determine the tolerance of wine. As before describe that due to microareophilic nature of LAB oxyzen does not require for the growth of LAB but the evidence show that small amount of oxyzen is require for well growth of LAB. Carbondioxide also influences growth of LAB. PRACTICES OF VINIFICATION Many condition like fruit condition, clarification, fermainting conditions, must treatment, lease contact, skin contact tme(in case of red vine) and winery hygine use for controlling of LAB, Use of fresh clean and healthy fruits for wine making reduce the number of microbes. Sulpherdioxide is added at crushing time to reduce the high growth of LAB. The pH and acidity of wine can be adjusted by use of tartaric acid before fermentation. At the time of stuck fermentation LAB fermented to sugar compound and increases the volatile acid level in wine. Before reaching at dryness of wine controlling of fermentation of wine is good method to preventing the growth of LAB. To put the fresh wine on te lease for a long time will be face down to malolactic fermentation. This is because of releasing nutrients by yeast and decreases carbondioxide concentration. Clarification means filtration of wine with very fine approximate 45 micron membrane filter to reduce the growth of LAB. INTER RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER ORGANISM At time of alcoholic fermentation the growth of LAB in wine decreases or LAB do not perform very well because of presence of yeast which inhibitory effect on the LAB. The factor that affect the performance of LAB is competition consumption of nutrient by the yeast. Yeast is also form ethanol SO 2 which are inhibitory compound for LAB. Some other microorganism like Botrytis cineria acetic acid bacteria activate function of LAB. Acetic acid bacteria show symbiosis with LAB. Many researches show that Bacteriophage are isolated from wine ruin the LAB. DIRECTION FOR WINE MAKER Since LAB participate in malolactic fermentation wine spoil aging both so for some key points are mentioned for vintner to control the LAB. Always use fresh, healthy, high acidic fruit. Add few amount of SO2 at time crushing of grape fruit. Malolactic fermentation at the range of pH 3.3-3.5. This level of pH is most favorable for LAB to malolactic fermentation. Malolactic fermentation increases the pH so it is suggestible that ph of wine should be low by which after malolactic fermentation wine attain desirable pH. Low ethanol, low SO2 high temperature fermentation are favorable for malolactic fermentation. Take precaution to avoid a stuck fermentation. Fermentation by yeast for improving wine quality selected yeast are preferred by wine maker. Sacchromyces cerevisiae a commercial yeast are used for improving  wine quality. Volatile thioles are uses for changing smell of wine at cold temperature. New researches show that microbes present on the layer of grapes are varies from one vine yard to other vine yard. By the use of short amplicon sequencing technique(a dna sequencing technique) researcher determines the varieties of unique microbes present on surface of grape in a vine yard. If microbes like yeast and bacteria are determine of a vine yard ten use of bacteria and yeast for fermentation of particular vine yard grape by which quality of wine can be improved.

A Room of One’s Own and Modern Fiction Essays -- Lectures Literature P

A Room of One’s Own and Modern Fiction One of the first things to notice about A Room of One’s Own is that it is not a typical lecture. It rambles and flows back and forth, in and out. It is more narrative than logic. It breaks many of the conventions of a formal address. Why does Virginia Woolf choose to do this? Why choose this style, this method? One reason is to turn predominantly masculine, or traditional, thinking on its head in order to undermine its authority. There is another reason for her approach, however—one that rises from her most basic ideas about what literature and writing should be and do. Her ideas about what makes for good writing are contained in this text, if indirectly. Grasping these ideas allows the reader to see how she is able to write so convincingly, particularly since there seems to be such a significant lack of argument involved. Where she does not tell the reader what she thinks, she shows them. But why does she add an undergraduate in a boat, and why a river? She is doi ng more than simply trying to keep the reader interested with a few colorful descriptions. She is showing us what she values most about writing while at the same time artfully expressing her views on women and fiction. Woolf is a modernist, concerned with illuminating life through the subjective consciousness and its impressions. Her seemingly random details and descriptions, in fact, work together to paint a picture, to leave a skillfully crafted impression upon the reader. She believes the best door to the human mind and heart is through the subjective. She places us inside the minds of others, where we, more often than not, find a little of ourselves. Eudora Welty writes, in her foreword to To the Lighthouse, â€Å"The inte... ...onal narrator is scarcely able, scarcely bold enough, to drop a line of thought into these waters. Descriptions of dinners and the construction of buildings give the reader a feel of Woolf’s picture of the world that no sermon, no argument, no plea, could. And it is through a taxi cab, holding a young man and a girl, and the massive force of the river that the entire work seems to float down, that she captures life and convinces us that she is telling the truth. Works Cited Welty, Eudora. Introduction. To the Lighthouse. By Virginia Woolf. 1927. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace and Co., 1981. vii-xii. Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One’s Own. The Longman Anthology of Women’s Literature. Ed. Mary K. DeShazer. New York: Longman, 2000. 16-72. ---. â€Å"Modern Fiction.† The Virginia Woolf Reader. Ed. Mitchell A. Leaska. New York: Harcourt Brace and Co., 1985. 284-291.

Racism and Non-Western Discrimination Essay

Slavery dates a thousand years back and now comes to be one of the sources of dismay for people who are relatively concerned with their neighbors. Africans are the main victim of this atrocious treatment, having a different color and being considered to be the most underdeveloped human being compared to their European and white counterparts. This classification of people, through their skin color and place of birth, accompanied by extreme feeling of hatred and disgust is widely known as racism. It attracts other people to look at a person’s natural characteristics, their nose, hair, complexion, etc., as basis of their capacities. Thus came more superior races because of being more desirable and developed than the others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Racism has been evident in the past decades and has been the basis of bloody wars and genocide. Hitler’s hatred over the Jews killed thousands of these religious descendants because of his belief that his bloodline is supreme than that of David. Until now, the holocaust denial movement insists that there are no mass murder committed against the Jews. This anti-Semetic treatment over Jews continue until now, evident mostly in their war in the Middle East (â€Å"Anti-Semitism,† 2001, n.p). The concept of Deicide, or the killing of a God, has intensified this hatred in the rise of Christianity. Radical racism has encouraged separatism, a tradition where the inferior race is removed of the benefits enjoyed by their superior counterparts (â€Å"Racism,† 2001, n.p). In the U.S., white supremacist groups continue to establish racism against the blacks, spreading the word of inequality all over the country with their skin-head members.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One recent issue that needs appropriate concern is the interne-hate. It is an online propaganda, primarily using internet websites, to conjure and express hatred and discriminate people of perceived inferior race (â€Å"Internet Hate,† 2001, n.p). Because of internet’s free environment, almost absolutely allowing every person with access to express their thoughts, it became the battle ground and sanctuary for many racist activities all over the world. Publication of hate inciting materials in the world wide web has been greatly tolerated because of the lack of internet related laws prohibiting or limiting the freedom it offers to its users. Furthermore, the growth of this technology helped in proliferating violent messages to millions of users around the world, including children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other means of racist behavior before have included pamphlets, brochures, posters, and magazines. Racism also manifested through radio and TV shows, theater plays, and movies. Taking advantage of recent technological advances, racists elevated their campaign against other races through the internet, where information is sent in a split second to millions of users. They can send electronic mails to private users and fellow racists, comment on internet contents, join discussion groups, upload hateful videos and music, and incite violence through blogs without being identified. They can literally hide their identities, use multiple profiles, and present pictures not their own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Racism can also be widely encouraged through this system. Racists can easily find other racists who can strengthen their claims and remove them of any dissonance. They can also insist that they are backed up by thousands of other racists, to scare their targets and attract supporters. One particular website is the BlackMonitor. It contains articles and discussion posts from unknown sources. Articles are primarily against blacks – black athletes, celebrities, families, criminals, perverts, politicians, and terrorist. There are criticisms against even talented blacks, like Fifty Cent (â€Å"Nigger 50 Cent Hates Alicia Keys,† 2008, n.p) and Wesley Snipes (â€Å"Nigger Wesley Snipes off to Nigger College,† 2008, n.p). Most particularly, presidential candidate Barrack Obama has been targeted with so much criticism, a comment even asked for an assassination (Lies, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The internet phenomenon is deemed to be the most influential source of information being easily accessed by millions of users. Also, the lack of rules because of its international coverage is primarily the reason for its wide use for racist activities. Local and federal laws may exist, other countries may have implemented strict censorship, and some websites may have established their own guidelines for publication. However, these may not be enough to stop this hateful attitude toward people perceieved to have inferior race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Racism itself is hard to vanish. No matter how hard we try in alleviating discrimination, some people who will always think that they are better than the other and will resolve to violent attacks against them. However, there are basic solutions we can employ to help the abused people. Counter superior-inferior racial notions Implement equal opportunities, blacks and Asians remain less developed because their white counterparts are being entertained well in many companies. Incorporate anti-racism in childhood education and enforce it well in the preceeding years. Encourage international and intercultural education. Specify racial crimes and establish punishments for it. Dissolve racist groups and give its members appropriate measures and education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Racism basically becomes violent because of misinformation. By removing the wrong notions about racial classifications and implementing effective education on children and young adults, and enforcing laws against racism we can minimize this long criticized issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Internet Hate in particular can be limited through censorship and establishment of necessary laws to stream its contents. This may limit freedom of expression and thought, but freedom is never absolute. There are details that should be removed because of their harmful contents. States have a great responsibility in prohibiting malicious contents in their areas since international laws may be hard to enforce in local cities. Registration of websites can also be an effective solution. Through this we can identify who owns and manages a website and have people to blame in cases of discrminatory contents. Censors may also be established to have constant checks, though this may be very exhausting due to the thousands of websites that are active in the world wide web. However, users reporting malicious contents can help in determining websites that should be sanctioned and ordered for closure. Again, this may bar certain rights and privacy policies, but if we are really serious in removing inequalities and minimizing those discriminatory eyes against our unfortunate friends, we can take this step in alleviating racism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of us may think that freeing this world of racism is impossible. Lawmakers, who are secretly racist themselves may oppose such acts. Nationalist movements and groups may also prevent us from reaching our goal of equality and non-racial classification. However, many people have suffered enough because of this kind of treatment, of constantly giving them a hateful stare, beating them on their way home, treating them like dogs, under paying them, and lastly trafficking these innocent people. These actions may force them to be aggressive towards us, and that gives us new reasons for discriminating them. It just won’t stop this way. Indeed, there will always be inequality, but at least, let us, more developed individuals, be more compassionate and understanding of their situation. References Anti-Defamation League. 2001. Anti-Semitism. Retrieved 29 April 2008. http://www.adl.org/hate-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   patrol/antisemitism.asp Anti-Defamation League. 2001. Internet Hate. Retrieved 29 April 2008. http://www.adl.org/hate-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   patrol/internet_hate.asp Anti-Defamation League. 2001. Racism. Retrieved 29 April 2008. http://www.adl.org/hate-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   patrol/racism.asp Blackpubwatch. Nigger 50 Cent Hates Alicia Keys. Black Monitor. Retrieved 29 April 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://blackmonitor.wordpress.com/2008/04/20/nigger-50-cent-hates-alicia-keyes/ Blackpubwatch. Nigger Wesley Snipes off to Nigger College. Black Monitor. Retrieved 29 April   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008. http://blackmonitor.wordpress.com/2008/04/20/nigger-wesley-snipes-off-to-nigger-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   college/ Black    Monitor. Lies. Comment on Barack Obama – Pathological Liar Extraordinaire by blackpubwatch.   Retrieved 29 April   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008. http://blackmonitor.wordpress.com/2008/04/26/barack-`  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   obama-pathological-liar-extraordinaire/

Health and safety in social care setting Essay

Outcome 1 understand the different responsibilities relating to health and safety in social settings 1.1 List legislation relating to general health and safety in social care setting. There are a small number of legal acts relating to the general health and safety in social care. The most important one it seems to me would the health and safety at work act of 1974, it ensures that the employer, the employee have responsibilities to ensure that a good level of safety is attained in the workplace, and there should be a copy of this act on the works premises for use of any employee or service user. The legislations key goals are: To ensure the health, safety and welfare of people at work To protect others from risks arising from the activities of people at work To control the use and storage of dangerous substances  To control the emission into the atmosphere of noxious or offensive substances Other legislation relating to health and safety in social care are as follows The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992, which supports the health and safety act. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (known as COSHH) which ensures safe storage and usage of any substances that could harm other workers or service users. The Manual Handling Regulations of 1992, which sets out methods and requirements to be met when manually handling objects, as well as people. The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1985 (known as RIDDOR) outlines what is required to be recorded and reported. Read more: Describe practices that prevent fires from spreading essay Food safety act 1990 Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations (PPE) 1992 Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) 1998 1.2 Describe the main points of health and safety policies and procedures. The main points of health and safety policies and procedures largely centre on standards that must be upheld in order to create a safe place of work, and also to ensure that somewhere meets all legislation requirements when it comes to things like COSHH, where all substances must be locked away while not in use, and not left around when being used if the worker leaves the room, even for a moment, that is if the level of work is to keep up with the standard  required to maintain itself within the COSHH legislation. Or even simpler things that do not include any harmful substances, such as keeping entrances clear and ensuring that any fire exits are able to be opened in an emergency by undertaking health and safety checks on the release, as well as ensuring all nurse call buzzers work properly. The policies and procedures ensure that all risk assessments are up to date and in place for all service users, and that all members of staff are trained in necessary areas, such as manual handling and data protection, along with general things such as reporting faulty appliances or any needed maintenance and showing where it should be recorded and who it should be reported to. As well as having regular supervisions and staff meetings to inform them of any changes to the way the business operates in regards to health and safety. 1.3 Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of: a) The social care worker: Health and safety responsibilities that pertain to me as the social care worker are to maintain any important care procedures, which refer to the policies and procedures once again, but most things do as they outline the ways in which things must be done, this includes attending any training. Health and safety responsibilities include other things such as making sure any activities are done safely, as well as the use of any equipment or materials to be handled with care, minimizing the risk of injury or harm to myself and others, including other staff and service users. If on occasion someone is hurt then I am to record and report it appropriately, even if it just a concern. b) The employer or manager The employer and manager have the responsibility to ensure that every member of staff understands their obligations towards health and safety, and that there are methods in place to allow the employee’s to operate under it. Including keeping enough stock of necessary equipment required to avoid injury, damage or wastage, and not to charge for any PPE or first aid facilities. It is also the manager’s role to assess any existing risks and create ways to minimize them, and to provide training on health and safety. c) Individuals All other staff, such as domestic and maintenance must follow all policies and procedures similar to that of the social care worker, and any visitors, including doctors, relatives, nurses and contractors must follow all health and safety protocols, as well as recording and reporting health and safety related concerns or incidents. Take reasonable care for own and others health and safety and understand and follow health and safety instructions and procedures also Work with the carer to use equipment safely. 1.4 Identify tasks relating to health and safety that should only be carried out with special training. Employers have legal duties to give health and safety information and training to all employees. Training should include all the risks that employees are exposed to and the precautions needed. It is usual for all new staff to be given induction training on joining the home care service. The training should make clear the areas of activity home careers should and should not under take and should also give guidance on appropriate footwear and clothing. Where the risk assessment identifies that such clothing is required to protect staff from hazards they should be provided and maintained at no cost to members. Induction programs must also include health and safety training and should cover: †¢ Manual handling †¢ Infection control †¢ Fire procedures †¢ First aid †¢ Basic hygiene †¢ Food preparation, storage and hygiene †¢ Dealing with emergency situations †¢ the use of protective clothing and/or equipment. UNISON safety representatives have the right to be Consulted on the type and level of health and safety Training and information developed or offered to members. In addition to the induction, training should be given to employees when: †¢ There is a transfer of job, a change in clients or changes in responsibility †¢ New equipment is used, or existing use changed †¢ There are changes in work methods. Employers must also provide information for employees, that is easy to underst and and which is relevant. Information for employees who have difficulty in understanding or reading English should also be considered. 1.5 Describe how to access additional support and information relating to health and safety. I could ask my colleagues, my manager, the health and safety executive. My office has a health and safety poster outlining both the employer’s responsibilities and the employee’s responsibilities with the name of the health and safety contact. All job descriptions and contracts must have health and safety issues relating to the individual and home within their  wording NVQ/QCF Training have health and safety, manual handling, fire, food and first aid issues in the training programs There are statutory requirements for health and safety, manual handling, fire, food and first aid to be trained in for general knowledge, i.e. what people should know and specific training, i.e. Manual Handling Trainer. Trade magazines have articles/adverts regarding health and safety and training programmers for this Registration and Inspection Officers enquire into these issues and often ask careers about their training Fire officers and Environmental Health officers can enquire regarding training and highlight inefficiencies.

Free Essays on The Collapse Of Communism

as `Communism' or `cl! ass struggle'. And Mikhail Gorbachev, who proclaimed the primacy of `values common to all mankind' over the `class struggle', was merely following in the footsteps of his predecessors, who had gradually rid themselves of the revolutionary features of C... Free Essays on The Collapse Of Communism Free Essays on The Collapse Of Communism The Collapse of Communism and The End of Cold War I’ll be discussing the issue of collapse of communism along the end of cold war with the view of economic factor. Nevertheless, the detected ideology of communism is explained as the main factor that led the Eastern Europe and Soviet Union to the collapse. Russian Historian, Vladimir Batyuk, describes how the Gorbachev reforms, and the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and Soviet Union, changed Moscow's view of the world. The Communist ideology, as publicly expressed by Soviet leaders, no longer used terms like 'class struggle" by the 1970s. Mikhail Gorbachev's openness to the West, and his internal reforms - perestroika - led to the collapse of the Cold War. Ideologically the Cold War began as early as 1917. After 1945, with the Soviet Union ascending to the status of superpower, the Cold War was transferred also to the sphere of geopolitics. At the end of the 1980s, however, it became obvious that the Communist experiment had failed miserably. The Soviet way of life, characterized by such ugly features as economic hardships, technological standstill and moral degradation, lost its appeal even for the Soviet people themselves. In the 1920s and 1930s, the West had been scared by Soviet Communist propaganda. In the 1980s, on the other hand, the Soviet authorities had to jam Western broadcasts in order to maintain control over its population. The Communist ideology, which had stimulated the Cold War on the Soviet side, deteriorated gradually. By the 1940s the slogan of `World Proletarian Revolution' had already disappeared from Soviet propaganda. After 1970, the Soviet leaders preferred not to mention such words as `Communism' or `cl! ass struggle'. And Mikhail Gorbachev, who proclaimed the primacy of `values common to all mankind' over the `class struggle', was merely following in the footsteps of his predecessors, who had gradually rid themselves of the revolutionary features of C...

Compare and Contrast The New World and The General Historie of Virginia

Compare and Contrast The New World and The General Historie of Virginia It was an adventure from the point of view of the foreigners who came from England. They wanted to start a new life away from the chaos, confusion, and poverty of their motherland (Woodward, p.145). They succeeded in finding a new world but what was not yet clear is that if they can have a new life in a new settlement that they would have to build from scratch (O’Sullivan Keuchel, p.7).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast: The New World and The General Historie of Virginia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this particular study this particular story is re-told in two different ways. These two versions will be compared side-by-side. The first one is an eyewitness account and primary source of the first wave of English settlers and the second one is a film directed by Terence Malick. The plot structure of Smith’s book contrasted sharply with that of Malick’s movie. Smith wanted to show an overview of history as it pertains to the creation of an English settlement in Virginia. The author, Captain John Smith was able to do this by providing detailed description of the reasons for setting sail towards an unknown world, risking their lives for something that they are not entirely sure about (Smith, p.40). The film however, did not waste time explaining the rationale of the voyage from England to Virginia because the plot structure focuses on the New World and its impact on the lives of the Englishmen. With regards to the characters the movie cannot afford to spend so much time providing details regarding the other actors. Thus, the movie failed to develop more round characters and this is understandable because of the limitations of the medium used (The New World, p.1). But in the case of Smith he had the freedom to discuss the members of the crew and what they are like and thus providing the readers enough background information to appreciate the actions of t he characters in the historical account. The film however focused on John Smith and Pocahontas. The book and the film share the same setting – the New World. The author was smitten by the new surroundings. He was like a boy that was given an expensive toy. He could not believe what he saw. Smith had a very realistic view of the New World while the movie version of his character seemed to be a poet allowed to roam free in an enchanted kingdom.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words the John Smith that wrote the book had a clear understanding of what has to be done in order to survive in the New World. On the other hand the John Smith in the film seemed to have an overly optimistic view of the natives. In the movie John Smith fell in love not only with Pocahontas but also the land and its people. The book may have suggested that John Smith respected the natives bu t not to the extent that he wanted to be like them. In the movie John Smith expressed his desire to be like them. He did not say it out loud but he expressed it by describing the superiority of their ways in terms of the absence of jealousy and greed. He was amazed at the way the people share everything that they have. The John Smith who wrote the book had a practical view of the land and the people. The author was well aware that the land and the people can swallow him up and his fellow explorers. He did not have the luxury to become culturally sensitive to the New World. His mind was occupied with only one thought and it was the concept of survival. The book was written from the point of view of Captain John Smith and the English settlers. The movie alternates from the point of view of Pocahontas and John Smith. John Smith saw Virginia and the New World from the perspective of an adventurer. He saw the dangers and the excitement but he was unable to fully explore how the natives s aw the strangers that landed on their shore. The main difference between the movie and the book is on how the director was able to show how two groups of people collided in one location. The Englishmen saw it as some sort of a land of promise. The natives saw it as their home and the intruders are forcing their way into a territory that belonged to the natives for hundreds or even thousands of years. The book uses symbolisms of power. The Englishmen were superior to the natives. The Englishmen points to their armor, guns, mirrors, compass and other evidence of technological prowess and use it to judge the power and value of the natives. In the book the English settlers acted as if they were entitled to everything that they thought they need to live a successful and happy life in the settlements that they had created. The movie uses different forms of symbolisms depending on whose point of view was the focus of the scene. If the movie takes the point of view of Pocahontas then the sy mbolism used is the elements that can be found in nature. In the early part of the movie one can see Pocahontas mimicking the gestures of the wild animals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast: The New World and The General Historie of Virginia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This symbolizes freedom and being one with nature. When John Smith was sent as an envoy he was separated from his team and one of the most poignant moments was when he was alone in a swampy area and he was covered in full body armor. However, he was defeated and captured by those who utilized crude technology. This scene symbolizes the fact that the natives had the advantage because they know how to behave in accordance to natural environment. Although Smith had superior arms he could not move freely in knee-deep water. The theme of the book is the chain of events that led to the discovery and colonization of the New World. The theme of the movie is the clash of two cultures. Pocahontas symbolized the culture of the New World while John Smith epitomized the culture of the foreigners. The theme about the clash of culture did not end there because at the latter part of the movie a co-mingling of identities was achieved. The book had a simple unifying theme and it was just an overview of history from the point of view of the conquerors. Conclusion The book and the movie attempted to tell the story of how Englishmen tried to colonize the New World. The book had a simple approach and it was told from the point of view of a historian and settler. The author described the trials and triumphs of an adventurer forced to leave home to seek fame and fortune abroad. But the film was more complex even if it uses few details regarding the character and setting. It is more complex because it explores the same story from two points of view. O’Sullivan, John Edward Keuchel. American Economic History. New York: Ma rkus Wiener Publishing, 1989. Smith, John. The General Historie of Viriginia. MA: Applewood Books, 1624. The New World. Dir. Terence Malick. Perf. Colin Farrell, Q’orianka Kilcher, Christopher Plummer. New Line Cinema, 2005. DVD.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Woodward, Grace. Pocahontas. OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969.

3 causas para que te quiten la green card

3 causas para que te quiten la green card La green card, o tarjeta de residencia permanente, es un privilegio otorgado por la autoridades estadounidenses a extranjeros que cumplen con ciertos requisitos y que permite trabajar y residir en Estados Unidos. Pero la pueden quitar por 3 causas. Antes de comenzar a explicar cada una de esas 3 causas, es conveniente comenzar destacando que hay dos tipos de green card. En primer lugar, la condicional que se da en 2 casos: cuando se adquiere por inversià ³n a travà ©s de una EB-5 y en ciertos casos en los que se saca por matrimonio con un ciudadano (no en todos). Estas residencias condicionales se convierten en permanentes  a los dos aà ±os, despuà ©s de hacer ciertos trmites legales. Por otro lado, si no se levanta la condicionalidad, la green card deja de tener validez y tambià ©n se puede revocar si no se cumplen las condiciones para levantar dicha condicionalidad. Por ejemplo, que la inversià ³n no sea la adecuada o que el matrimonio hubiese acabado en divorcio. Y en segundo lugar, estn las tarjetas de residencia permanentes. Estas son, en principio, para toda la  vida. Excepto en casos muy concretos en los que el gobierno puede decidir que cancela o revoca o considera no vlida una tarjeta de residencia. Causas para perder la green card o tarjeta de residencia permanente La green card puede perderse cuando se da alguna de las siguientes 3 causas:   Fraude- Bajo esta categorà ­a entran acciones muy diversas, como por ejemplo, un matrimonio de conveniencia con el à ºnico propà ³sito de conseguir la green card. Pero hay ms: mentir en un formulario migratorio o, incluso, ocultar informacià ³n relevante en uno de los trmites. En el momento en que se descubre el fraude se puede invalidar la green card.Condena por ciertos delitos- Se trata de situaciones graves debià ©ndose prestar atencià ³n a los casos de condenas por los denominados delitos agravados. En caso de tener en contra una acusacià ³n por este tipo de delitos es fundamental contar con la defensa de un abogado criminalista con conocimiento en posibles efectos migratorios de una condena. En estos casos, despuà ©s de cumplir con la condena, el migrante se enfrenta muy seriamente a la posibilidad de quedarse sin la green card y ser deportado.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Abandono- Esto sucede cuando el inmigrante no cumple con su obligacià ³n de residir habitualmente en los Estados Unidos. Por ello, hay que ser prudentes con los tiempos que se pasan en otros paà ­ses, particularmente si se trata de ms de 180 dà ­as y menos de 1 aà ±os. Y tambià ©n saber que puede resultar muy conflictivo el hecho de entrar a trabajar a diario a Estados Unidos pero vivir en Mà ©xico o en Canad. En los puentes internacionales con Mà ©xico se ha dado casos de migrantes legales a los que se ha alentado para que renunciaran voluntariamente a la green card, cosa que si quieren no estn obligados a hacer (ver ms al final de este apartado). Adems, en los casos de estancia fuera de Estados Unidos por ms de 1 aà ±o pero menos de dos se necesitar un permiso de reentrada.   Si es ms de 2 aà ±os la duracià ³n de la estancia en otro paà ­s, no hay problemas si se trata del cà ³nyuge o hijos menores y solteros de personal civil o militar o similares de los Estados Unidos y que est estacionado en el extranjero. En los dems casos a veces se puede solicitar una visa SB-1 como residente que quiere retornar pero que sà ³lo se concede si se cumplen requisitos muy estrictos. El formulario a llenar es el formulario que se conoce como DS-117. En los dems casos de pà ©rdida de la tarjeta de residencia por abandono sà ³lo es posible recuperarla iniciando de nuevo todo el proceso y esperando mientras tanto fuera de los Estados Unidos.   Es muy importante que si se llega a un punto migratorio de ingreso a Estados Unidos y el oficial asegura que se ha producido un abandono de la residencia que el residente permanente se niegue a firmar el documento que se conoce como I-407 Abandonment of LPR Status. Si lo hace, pierde la consideracià ³n de residente. Por el contrario debe solicitar ver a un juez migratorio y se le debe entregar una Notice of Appear para presentarse en Corte. Sà ³lo asà ­ se le puede quitar la tarjeta de residencia despuà ©s de que el juez encuentre de forma clara e inequà ­voca y basndose en evidencia de que verdaderamente se ha abandonado el estatus de residente. En otras palabras, no firmar el I-407 en ningà ºn punto de control migratorio y pedir ir a Corte. Otros requisitos de los residentes permanentes La tarjeta de la green card es vlida por diez aà ±os. Debe renovarse antes de que expire. Asimismo, si se pierde o se mutila debe aplicarse por una nueva y notificar su extravà ­o, robo o destruccià ³n a las autoridades migratorias. La à ºnica excepcià ³n es cuando se solicita y obtiene la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n. Una vez que se es ciudadano ya no hay que renovar nada. Los tiempos de espera para solicitarla depende de cà ³mo se haya obtenido la residencia. Finalmente, los residentes permanentes tienen otras obligaciones, como pagar impuestos o notificar los cambios de domicilio. Consejos para conservar la green card Por ley, todos los residentes legales permanentes mayores de 18 aà ±os deben llevar consigo en todo momento prueba de su estatus migratorio. El no cumplimiento de este requisito puede dar lugar a una condena por faltas. La aplicacià ³n de esta ley varà ­a muchà ­simo de estado a estado. Para aprender ms sobre la green card, los derechos que da y las obligaciones que impone es aconsejable tomar este test de respuestas mà ºltiples. Da respuesta a las inquietudes ms frecuentes. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

CIF Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CIF Contracts - Essay Example This law essay outlines peculiar features of CIF contracts. Cost, insurance and freight (CIF) denotes that the vendor delivers when the products pass the ship's bar in the port of consignment. A CIF contract needs the seller to ship at the port of consignment the required products in the underlying agreement of sale, to acquire a agreement of carriage (bill of lading) under which the products will be delivered to the established destination, to organize for insurance that will be obtainable for the advantage of the buyer, to formulate a commercial invoice and lastly to tender these papers to the purchaser who must be prepared and willing to pay the cost of the consigned products. In such a scenario, the ownership of the products may pass either on consignment or on delivery of the documents. The risk normally passes on consignments or as from shipments, but ownership does not pass pending the documents which symbolizes the products are provided in exchange for the cost. As an outcome , the purchaser, after acceptance of the documents, can claim against the transporter for infringement of the agreement of carriage and against the underwriter for any loss enclosed by the policy. In accordance to a CIF contract, the buyer is required to pay against the tender of a genuine bill of lading that guarantees the products contracted to be sold, an insurance document and a saleable invoice that indicates the price.4 The buyer is obliged to make payment against the tender of the respective papers of contract notwithstanding of fact that the products have been damaged or lost at maritime after the shipment.5 In the incident of loss, such as case of study, the buyer (N&Y Ltd) must pay the value on provision of the documents and necessary remedies, if any, will be against the transporter as indicated in the bill of lading or aligned to the underwriter as per the insurance agreement, but not against the seller (A&W Ltd) under the agreement of sale. If the purchaser declines to pay (as indicated in this case) against the papers without any legal justification, the buyer shall be legally responsible to compensate the seller for damage that may outcome, as enacted in Article 150 within the Commercial Transactions Law (Meiselles 2013). Under a CIF agreement, the seller performs the requirements by providing the documents to the buyer. The seller is not required to deliver the products to the agreed destination but the seller is under a negative responsibility not to avert the goods from being delivered to the buyer at their premises. This might be executed by deterring the carrier from delivering products to the buyer or by transferring them to a diverse destination (Meiselles 2013). However, if the agreement contains a section that imposes on the seller an obligation to transport the products to the contracted destination, it is not regarded as a CIF agreement, even if the documents of ‘CIF’ emerge in the contract.   Not all agreements that ar e expressed to be CIF agreements are such. According to Article 155 of the Commercial Transactions Law,6 it is stated that ’a contract which encloses such status as will make the seller accountable for

The Greatness of Sharia Laws in Comparison to Others Essay

The Greatness of Sharia Laws in Comparison to Others - Essay Example In this sense, the word is closely associated with fi?h which signifies academic discussion of divine law.† The moral concept of Sharia laws is based on the premise that the rights of God’s creation cannot be violated. Human rights, if violated, must be compensated by laws. The greatness of Sharia lies in the fact that it is based on a well-defined concept of human rights. Violation of the rights of God (Haq-al-Allah) may be forgiven. But violation of human right cannot be forgiven until it is forgiven by the one whose rights have been violated. There is another greatness of this law that everyone, either rich or poor, is subjected to this law equally, as the Quran says, â€Å"You who believe! stand out firmly for justice, as witnesses to Allah, even as against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, and whether it be (against) rich or poor† (An-Nisa, verse 135). This moral basis of Sharia evolves from the view that everyone is equal in the eye of God. Sharia de als almost all aspects such as religiosity, sexuality, diet, prayer, hygiene, crime, economics, politics and innumerous others, of a man’s, particularly a Muslim’s, personal and communal life. ... But man-made laws cannot do this. When the legal system of a western country sentences a murderer to death, such legal system does not advocate for any code of manner which can keep a man away from crimes like murder. Again Sharia is free of many contradictions that other man-made laws hold in their hearts. One of such contradiction is: when the European countries do not permit death penalty, death penalty is permissible in the United States. Again there are a number of countries that assign their presidents with the power to indemnify a criminal who has already been convicted in the court. When the sole intention of law is to protect people’s right, such presidential power, in the very first place, can easily violates human rights. Also this dual application of law appears to be not only self-contradictory but also discriminative. Sharia does not permit such discrimination in the application of law. Prophet Muhammad’s rule, in the Islamic State of Medina, was free of s uch discrimination. Once, a woman, a close relative of Muhammad, was convicted of the guilt of theft and she was punished according to Sharia. Referring to indiscriminative approach of Sharia, the prophet says, â€Å"The people before you were destroyed because they used to inflict the legal punishments on the poor and forgive the rich. By Him in Whose Hand my soul is! If Fatima (the daughter of the Prophet) did that (i.e. stole), I would cut off her hand.† (Bukhari Vol 8, Book 81, Number 778) Again Caliph Omar, a prominent ruler of Arab during the early 8th century, himself punished his son Abu Sammah to death for accosting –probably raping- a Jewish woman. (Kadri, 2011:89) The difference between Sharia and other laws is that when other laws offer only punishment, Sharia provides

If Technology Has Revolutionized the Way We Work Using Two Concepts Essay - 1

If Technology Has Revolutionized the Way We Work Using Two Concepts Which Are Information Systems and Information Technology - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that information systems and information technology have significantly changed people’s personal lives as well as how people work. The business world has revolutionized almost beyond people’s recognition within the past decades. Technology, both in terms of information systems and information technology has changed the face of the workplace and also increased the pace with which people work. Information systems can be defined as the totality of the tools, procedures, and techniques that are used by businesses to process data. At the turn of the century, Frederick Taylor introduced the concept of scientific management as an aspect of the successful business organization. His thoughts and works, popularly referred to as Taylorism, have guided managers towards success in organizations by using technologies, for instance, Henry Ford in the Automobile market. Information science has led to transformations in many industries where wor k is accomplished through small and more focused enterprise networks. Today, organizations use information systems in their operations to enhance competitiveness and enable business growth and success. Different organizations have different information systems because of varying information needs, but implement them to achieve the competitive advantage by ensuring that they achieve continuous improvement. Information technology can be defined as the use of telecommunication tools to retrieve, create, distribute and store information. Information technology has significantly changed how people work. Information technology in terms of computer-aided design, spreadsheets, relational database technologies and word processing software have all provided ease in terms of conducting different works by increasing efficiency, effectiveness and also the time is taken to do a particular job. The internet has been of particular difference in work environments.

Maisie is representative of her class (the working poor) and gender Essay

Maisie is representative of her class (the working poor) and gender. Discuss the effects of WWI on the class system and on women, in particular - Essay Example One of the ways in which Maisie Dobbs represents the working class poor is by having a history and identity that totally correlates with the working class poor. Particularly, Maisie Dobbs hails from a poor background. Alongside this, Maisie becomes less fortunate as she loses her mother her mother at her pubescent stage of life. To show for this poverty and underprivileged status, Dobbs has to work to supplement her father’s efforts. In fact, the matter is graver since this means that Dobbs is being exploited, since she is a minor yet she is employed. This is not so uncommon among low income earners or the working class poor societies which may not mind their underage children being conscripted into child labor, to supplement their meager earnings (Winspear, 12). Likewise, Dobbs represents the working class poor by landing a lowly job as maid at Lady Rowan Compton’s Belgravia Mansion, in 1910. Mostly, it is the working class poor which cannot discriminate against jobs that come their way, because of prevailing antecedent factors such as previous inability to access quality education. This means that in the long run, the working class poor subculture cannot produce favorable qualifications to help them attain meaningful jobs. Dobbs also represents the working class poor by taking education seriously. The working class poor takes education seriously because it sees it as the only conduit by which it can become empowered and scale upwards in the society. High income earners and the upper middle class may mostly not take learning as seriously as the working class poor, since the two classes are privileged to have several options. The seriousness that Dobbs expends in her learning is seen in her being filled with the joy of reading and learning when she is introduced to Lady Compton’s library. Dobbs also gladly and willingly becomes Maurice Blanche’s

Advertising through social media is mor affective than traditional Essay

Advertising through social media is mor affective than traditional form of advertising - Essay Example Due to huge competitive market scenario, it is pivotal for every organization to use more effective advertising strategy to influence the mind of viewers. Social media advertising is perfect medium for every organization to make customers fell valued. This essay will discuss about social media advertising which is more effective than traditional advertising. The emergence of social media has provided perfect platform for every individual all over the world to connect with each other via internet. It has become pivotal for every organization to connect with customers efficiently and swiftly (Lovett, 2011, p.18a). The application of social media in regard to advertising or linking with customers cannot be ignored (Lovett, 2011, p.18b). Customers are regarded as the crucial part for every organization to maintain its sustainability for forcible future (Hoverstadt, 2011, p.82). Every business is trying their utmost best to reach out to people with the help of social media and gain attention of new leads, service and feedback. Social media has become inevitable part of every user where they can share their views and opinions. The immense growth of this technology is solely due to the ability of producing contents, which are user-generated. Technology has changed the life of every people. In case of advertising and marketing of products, the utilization of social media has become as beneficiary factor for every organization (Li and Poser, 2008, p.95). The tool of social media is totally different from traditional marketing and advertising. The significant impact of social media sites on human beings is immense. This huge impact of social media sites cannot be replaced by any other form of communication tool (Rantanen, 2005, p.3a). This is basically due to the fact that there is gradual increase in number of user. Every organization wants to gain new clients and

Relevance of Individualism in Life Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relevance of Individualism in Life Today - Essay Example Individuals past thoughts, decisions, and achievements as a success following self-reliance are different as time goes on whereby, other factors contribute towards individualisms such as sociology, western civilization, education, and region. These factors may limit individual’s self-reliance; hence, ideas from a specific person are limited in the society. However, the authors of the articles clearly indicate that is an important virtue in individuals’ lives today.Education is an important aspect of the life of individuals not only on the career perspective but also in recognition of personal weakness and strength in life, which eventually enhances individualism today in a positive way. In the essay of Emerson about self-reliance, it is evident that once a man gets educated, the sense of ignorance of own thoughts in life eventually reveals; hence an individual is able to accept the previous mistakes done because of ignorance. Notably in individuals’ life, it has been observed that ignorance is not because of illiteracy rather it is revealed by literacy for example an individual may ignore the effect of having unprotected sex due to friends influence but once educated on the effects associated, it helps to prevent any future incidence whereby individualism decision will prevail over the peer pressure. This indicates that education enhances individualism today in such a way that through the experiences and required knowledge in life, an individual thinks on his own for his own welfare and decision-making. making. Self-View And the World View In Relation To Individualism Toady The world has different views towards an individual’s problems and achievements with those that the specific person has on

Advertising through social media is mor affective than traditional Essay

Advertising through social media is mor affective than traditional form of advertising - Essay Example Due to huge competitive market scenario, it is pivotal for every organization to use more effective advertising strategy to influence the mind of viewers. Social media advertising is perfect medium for every organization to make customers fell valued. This essay will discuss about social media advertising which is more effective than traditional advertising. The emergence of social media has provided perfect platform for every individual all over the world to connect with each other via internet. It has become pivotal for every organization to connect with customers efficiently and swiftly (Lovett, 2011, p.18a). The application of social media in regard to advertising or linking with customers cannot be ignored (Lovett, 2011, p.18b). Customers are regarded as the crucial part for every organization to maintain its sustainability for forcible future (Hoverstadt, 2011, p.82). Every business is trying their utmost best to reach out to people with the help of social media and gain attention of new leads, service and feedback. Social media has become inevitable part of every user where they can share their views and opinions. The immense growth of this technology is solely due to the ability of producing contents, which are user-generated. Technology has changed the life of every people. In case of advertising and marketing of products, the utilization of social media has become as beneficiary factor for every organization (Li and Poser, 2008, p.95). The tool of social media is totally different from traditional marketing and advertising. The significant impact of social media sites on human beings is immense. This huge impact of social media sites cannot be replaced by any other form of communication tool (Rantanen, 2005, p.3a). This is basically due to the fact that there is gradual increase in number of user. Every organization wants to gain new clients and

An Analysis of the Final Scenes of Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of the Final Scenes of Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Essay Throughout Death of a Salesman, it was very clear to me that the play was an excellent representation of the idea of The American Dream, amongst other broader themes. This notion, as I understand it, relates to the belief that there are countless opportunities for everyone to reach out and grasp, no matter who they are or where they come from. The main characters of the play; Willy Loman, Linda Loman, Biff Loman, Happy Loman and their next door neighbour Charley, all seem to have very different ideas about this belief. In my opinion, this allows the reader (or audience) to relate to whichever character shares their views, making the play very appealing. The play offers a wider insight into a social system in which the Loman family finds themselves. Willy and Linda have had to work incredibly hard to keep themselves afloat over the years, and are justly proud of their achievement of paying off their 25 year mortgage. However, a stark contrast is highlighted between Willy and Howard, his boss. Willy has worked at the company for his whole career, and even names Howard when he is born for his father. However, when Howard has grown up he inherits all of his fathers wealth and the company. Also, when Willy turns up to ask for a weekly wage of around $70 per week, Howard says that it was only $100 for his new tape recorder. Willy laughs along with him, saying that he should get himself one. In terms of the plays portrayal of family relationships, I believe that it offers an excellent incite, showing the effects that an affair can have on a family, and the both emotional and financial pressures that are placed on families. Biffs relationship with his father is very volatile, but deep down it is very clear that they both truly love each other. Happy, however, expresses no love or emotion other than shame towards or about his father. This is both highlighted and summed up by the scene in the restaurant when Happy is talking to Miss Forsythe, and says , thats not my father, thats just some guy. Linda is utterly devoted to her husband but can also see, in part, his self-destruction. However, she almost seems to deny that it is happening by not confronting Willy or doing anything about it herself, especially in relation to the length of rubber pipe behind the fuse box in the garage. The point at which these problems, relationships and pressures are most clear to both the characters and the audience is when the boys return from their abandoned evening with their father to find their mother in a rage. We see a lot of harsh truths realised, the first between Biff and Happy. In the restaurant, Biff had come to the conclusion that Happy did not really care about Willys wellbeing at all, only his own. We see this when Biff exclaims , I sense it, you dont give a good goddam about him. When they return to the house, Biff says (with a flare of disgust) Go away from me! In this scene, possibly the biggest revelation is that of Biff and Willys true feelings towards each other. When Willy is planting seeds in the garden and talking to his brother, almost in another reality, he is horrified by the thought of Biff thinking of him or talking of him as a coward, should he commit suicide. When Biff tries to take him inside to talk to Linda and tell her that he is leaving, Willy seems to think that he is talking about telling her about his affair years earlier, which Biff discovered. However, after some considerable arguments, in which Biff is accused of having nothing but spite for his father, Willy realises that Biff actually just does not want to fail him, having been so pressured to succeed in his earlier life. He also sees that all Biff ever wanted from him was pride and love, saying Loves me. Always loved me. Isnt that a remarkable thing?

Should Constitutions be Written?

Should Constitutions be Written? Constitutions should be written. Discuss. Choose one country with a case law system and one with a civil law system and discuss the advantages of each. ANSWER 1. Introduction A constitution can be defined as a system or framework which enshrines the principles and rules by which a body is governed. In the context of states the term makes reference specifically to the national constitution of the state, which serves to define the fundamental political principles, the legal environment and modus operandi of the state and which establishes the duties and powers of the government of the state.[1] National constitutions can be classified as either codified or uncodified. Codified constitutions are those which are contained in a single document, containing the single source of the constitutional law of a state, and perhaps the most well known example is the Constitution of the United States.[2] Uncodified constitutions are those which are not contained in a single document, but consist instead of several different sources, which can be written or unwritten.. It should be noted that there are hybrid systems which seem to fall between the two classes such as the Australian Constitution[3], in which constitutional law largely derives from a single written document, but other written documents are also considered part of the constitution[4]. Probably the best example of a pure uncodified constitution is the constitution of the United Kingdom which does not rely on any single written fundamental document, but rather consists of a patchwork of written and unwritten sources. The term written constitution makes reference to a constitution which is entirely written and by definition this would include every codified constitution. Indeed, in academic writing the term written constitution is synonymous with codified constitution, and in similar fashion the term unwritten constitution is interchangeable with uncodified constitution (although as stated this is not always entirely accurate: see Australian constitution). In the modern world, codification is the norm. Most states have evolved written constitutions which stand as the supreme and overarching statements of national law. Unwritten constitutions are certainly in the minority, but it is submitted at the outset that this should not be taken as proof that a written constitution is a prerequisite to success or stability. 2. A Common Law System: England The United Kingdom is notable in that it operates under an unwritten constitution, although this term has been criticised by commentators such as Bogdanor as a â€Å"misleading platitude†[5]. In this paper we will confine ourselves to an examination of the legal system of England and Wales, within the United Kingdom, because the Scottish legal system derives from Roman Law a very different legal heritage and tradition.[6] The modern English system of law can be traced back to the Norman conquest of 1066. The Norman kings, while promising to respect local rights and customs, dispatched judges to travel around the country on circuits and these judges gradually began following each other’s decisions to preserve the consistency of the application of law in different parts of the country. This practice became formalised and is today known as the doctrine of judicial precedent. This doctrine was extremely successful in underpinning the English common law system (ie a law common to all parts of the kingdom). One advantage of this uncodified model is that it is free to grow and develop organically to suit the changing environment it must regulate something which is more difficult when one is bound by a rigid set of general principles such as that which would underpin a fully written system. As the Parliament at Westminster fully established itself and grew in power and authority over the Monarch it took its place alongside the common law. Together, the common law and Parliamentary legislation came to offer a coherent and comprehensive system of law, which has matured and refined itself over centuries of stable government. It can be argued that an unwritten system puts its faith in untrammelled democratic process and in those charged with its maintenance. There are, it is submitted, obvious risks attached to this strategy, but in simple terms England has never found the need to adopt an overlaying written constitution, because of the strength and scope of its existing system. However, this is not to say that the English ‘constitution’ is entirely unwritten. Aspects of constitutional-style law are evident in venerable statutes such as the 1215 Magna Carta,[7] the 1689 Bill of Rights[8], the 1701 Act of Settlement[9] and the 1911 and 1949 Parliament Acts.[10] More recently the United Kingdom has adopted quasi-constitutional law in piecemeal fashion by means of the European Communities Act 1972, which provides the legal framework necessary for the country’s membership of the European Union, and the Human Rights Act 1998, which imports the rights and freedoms enshrined in the European Convention of Human Rights into UK law, conferring those rights on citizens of the United Kingdom. This means that the English system achieves an effect equivalent to that which is delivered by a written constitution without the formality of the latter model and therefore some of the advantages of written systems are to some extent rendered nugatory. That sai d, the principle that stands at the very heart of the English legal system and overrides all other provisions and considerations cannot be found set out in any of these documents. The highest rule of UK law, which has the potential to override any principle of a constitutional or quasi-constitutional nature, is the Doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty. This unwritten rule declares that the Parliament of the United Kingdom enjoys full and unchallengeable sovereignty in all its actions. In practice, this means that the Parliament of the day (namely the House of Lords the House of Commons, and the Monarch acting together)[11] has supreme authority over all aspects of English governance and all other institutions of the state, including the courts and other executive bodies. This ensures that the situation in England differs with that which prevails in many states operating under codified or written constitutions, where supreme courts are often empowered to strike down legislation deemed to be unconstitutional in nature.[12] The Constitution of the United States’ is one example of such a system and the so-called â€Å"checks and balances† it employs to safeguard the integrity of the constitution and the governance of the state are much cherished.. In the English system, given that Parliamentary supremacy is unquestioned, although complex procedures for judicial review are in place, by which courts can review and challenge laws considered defective in some way, the final word is left to Parliament itself. In the Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885)[13] Dicey : â€Å"Parliament has the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.† This is the most important law of the English legal system and it is this rule above all which explains the country’s lack of a written constitution. As a direct consequence of the application of this principle the UK Parliament has the power to make, amend and revoke law on any issue at any time. No Parliament has the power to bind a successor Parliament to its will, meaning that no Parliament could enact a so-called constitutional law which could not later be repealed or amended by some future Parliament as easily as any other piece of legislation. Moreover, the only body with the ultimate power to vary a law brought into force by the UK Parliament is Parliament itself. This gives the English system considerable flexibility and adaptability, and this is clearly and advantage. However, given that the system relies exclusively on the integrity of Parliament, its success is predicated on a fluctuating democratic mechanism. To date, the United Kingdom has enjoyed good and stable government and its citizens have not expressed any cogent desire for the protection of a written constitution.. However, that is not to say that at some point in the future the â€Å"checks and balances† and clarity typically provided by a written constitution might prove useful. 3. A Civil Law System: France The French legal system is a good example of a civil law system operating under a written constitution. The current Constitution of France, which is known as the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, was adopted in 1958.[14] It has been amended on various occasions, most recently in 2003. The French model is particularly interesting as it was used as a template for the foundation treaties of the European Economic Community, which has now evolved to become the European Union, which itself is now seeking to establish its own written constitution.[15] National legal systems characterised as Civilian are those which see their origins in the model of governance adopted in ancient Rome by the Emperor Justinian (sometimes known as Roman law systems). Civil law systems are systematic (based on an organised code of conceived principle) and inductive (where a specific ruling is induced from a general first-principle) as opposed to Common law systems which are empirical (based on a bank of actual cases) and deductive (where a general principle is deduced from a specific instance or series of instances). As to which system is to be preferred, both give rise to a variety of advantages and disadvantages and both have the potential to provide a state with a fair and effective system of government. Codified or written systems are always of the Civil school, given that a code of law is a prerequisite of that legal tradition, and consequently common law or case law systems are far better suited to an uncodified or unwritten constitutional arrangement. In very general terms the advantages of written systems of law such as the French system are those of certainty, consistency, clarity and stability, while its main disadvantage is rigidity. Unwritten case law systems benefit from being more fluid and adaptable and assuming this flexibility is not abused an uncodified model can be extremely successful. The main disadvantages of case law systems are that it is more difficult to predict the law’s response to new situations, and that the fundamental guiding principles of the legal system are harder to identify. The preamble of the French constitution refers to the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. As such it establishes the identity of the French state as a democratic secular republic which derives its sovereignty from the people of France. This gives the French constitution a clear mandate and provides it with a strong foundation, something which is lacking in unwritten, uncodified systems such as the English. This may be construed as an advantage, given law is an amorphous concept which can benefit from grounding in any context, but unless the authority of law is subject to challenge the advantage is theoretical only and the people of England appear satisfied to adhere to the law without such conceptual underpinning.. A written constitution such as the French offers a â€Å"one-stop shop† for provisions relating to the election of the President of France and the French Parliament.. It also sets down mechanisms for the appointment and selection of the Government of France, and specifically details the powers of each of these bodies and the relations between them. The French constitution also guaranteed the autonomy and authority of the judiciary and establishes the Constitutional Council, the High Court of Justice, and an Economic and Social Council. This is a clearly useful, and probably stands as an advantage over the English system, where such matters are dealt with in piecemeal fashion and without the simplicity and some might say methodological strength of an written system. When dispute arises in the French system there is therefore one and one only sovereign authority to turn to for guidance and this may prove beneficial in its resolution. In rebuttal, those defending the unwritten En glish system can point to many states which operate under a written constitution which suffer considerably more administrative difficulties and enjoy significantly less stability than it does. The maxim â€Å"if it isn’t broke, don’t fix it† appears to suit the English experience and explains the reluctance or at least ambivalence of English government and people in this context. The French constitution also provides for a politically strong President and this could be seen as another advantage, although again it is hard to argue that the British Prime Minister is prejudiced by the fact that his role is not similarly enshrined.. The French constitution also permits the ratification of international treaties such as those necessary for membership of the United Nations and European Union.. However, this is not necessarily an advantage. It is submitted that in modern times the trend has been towards greater and deeper international association. It could be argued that national written constitutions have the potential to frustrate international integration given that the international association may also wish to establish a sovereign constitution and that there will inevitably be conflict between the two sets of laws. There are tensions, for example, between the French constitution and the constitution which has been proposed for the European Union, and even with existing provisions of EU law. It can thus be contended that the English unwritten system is more adaptable to assimilation with an international body incorporating its own constitutional framework. Moreover written constitutions can be bypassed something done by French President Charles de Gaulle in highly controversial circumstances in 1962,[16] and this can leave a new law in a state of limbo. 4. Concluding Comments In summary, it is submitted that perhaps the most obvious advantage of a codified or written constitution is that it provides coherent, comprehensive and certain body of rules.. Being contained in a single document a codified constitution is accessible to all and can, if well crafted, establish an equitable and effective system of governance and rights. Written constitutions also promote consistency and concrete points of reference for law which can be applied to shape a legal system’s response to changing conditions within a state. That said however, written constitutions which become entrenched may suffer from rigidity and it is flexibility that perhaps stands as the greatest advantage of the unwritten, uncodified system operated in the United Kingdom. It is true that constitutional courts may offer a wide range of interpretations of constitutional principles under a written system, but it is not possible to lend a codified system that flexibility and adaptability enjoyed by an unwritten one. The title to this work asserts that â€Å"constitutions should be written†. It has been shown that this is not necessarily the case, given that states can function successfully and for long periods of time without the foundations of a codified or written constitutional framework. A good example is that of the United Kingdom itself, which is one of the most stable and successful democracies in the world, and which has grown to become such without being underpinned by a written constitutional document. While it has been suggested that the United Kingdom adopts a written constitution there appears to be no urgent pressure or compelling need to make the change. Therefore, while it is acknowledged that most states around the world have adopted a codified constitution this commentator contends that the statement under review should be subject to the caveat that states do not require to make reference to such a system of law as a prerequisite to effective government or a robust and e quitable society. The fact that a constitution is unwritten does not necessarily undermine the integrity of a national legal system, as the relative success of the United Kingdom and such countries as New Zealand and Israel testifies. There are, has been noted, risks attached to an unwritten system which puts its faith exclusively in the democratic process. However, in closing it is worth noting that there are also risks attached to written systems bound to overarching constitutions, because those constitutions can be abused or manipulated in a way that can deliver excessive power and authority. A constitution is, after all, only as good as the words that comprise it. Ironically, the elliptical doctrinal patchwork of an unwritten system can frustrate the intentions of nascent dictatorial ambition. In conclusion it is undeniably true that the great majority of states have chosen the certainty and clarity of a written system, but that is by no means the only way to run a country well. THE END WORD COUNT : 2808 (excluding footnotes) BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Bradley and K. Ewing, Constitutional and Administrative Law, (2003) Longman Wikipedia (various sources): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States JF McEldowney, Public Law, (2002) Sweet Maxwell P. Spink and N. Busby et al, Scots Law, (2003) LexisNexis Albert Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885): http://www..constitution.org/cmt/avd/law_con.htm. 1 Footnotes [1] For an insightful overview see: A. Bradley and K. Ewing, Constitutional and Administrative Law, 13th ed., (2003) Longman, chapter 1. [2] See: http://en.wikipedia..org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States. [3] See: http://en.wikipedia..org/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia. [4] In the Constitution of Australia, most fundamental political principles and regulations regarding the relationship between branches of government, and regarding the government and the individual are codified in a single document, the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia. However, the existence of statutes with constitutional significance, namely the Statute of Westminster, as adopted by the Commonwealth in the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, and the Australia Act 1986 means that Australias constitution is not incorporated in a single constitutional document. [5] See: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/88136.stm. [6] See P. Spink and N. Busby et al, Scots Law, (2003) LexisNexis, chapter 1. [7] See: http://www.bl.uk/treasures/magnacarta/translation.html [8] See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Bill_of_Rights. [9] See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Settlement. [10] See: http://en.wikipedia..org/wiki/Parliament_Acts. [11] Although the participation of the Crown is essentially ceremonial and formal only. [12] See: http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution..html. [13] Albert Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885): http://www.constitution.org/cmt/avd/law_con.htm. [14] Which replaced that of the Fourth Republic dating from October 27, 1946. [15] Ironically this plan has been frustrated by a negative referendum vote in France itself. [16] See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_France.

Her Passion for Learning :: College Admissions Essays

Her Passion for Learning It took me eighteen years to realize what an extraordinary influence my mother has been on my life. She' s the kind of person who has thoughtful discussions about which artist she would most want to have her portrait painted by (Sargent), the kind of mother who always has time for her four children, and the kind of community leader who has a seat on the board of every major project to assist Washington' s impoverished citizens. Growing up with such a strong role model, I developed many of her enthusiasms. I not only came to love the excitement of learning simply for the sake of knowing something new, but I also came to understand the idea of giving back to the community in exchange for a new sense of life, love, and spirit. My mother' s enthusiasm for learning is most apparent in travel. I was nine years old when my family visited Greece. Every night for three weeks before the trip, my older brother Peter and I sat with my mother on her bed reading Greek myths and taking notes on the Greek Gods. Despite the fact that we were traveling with fourteen-month-old twins, we managed to be at each ruin when the site opened at sunrise. I vividly remember standing in an empty ampitheatre pretending to be an ancient tragedian, picking out my favorite sculpture in the Acropolis museum, and inserting our family into modified tales of the battle at Troy. Eight years and half a dozen passport stamps later I have come to value what I have learned on these journeys about global history, politics and culture, as well as my family and myself. While I treasure the various worlds my mother has opened to me abroad, my life has been equally transformed by what she has shown me just two miles from my house. As a ten year old, I often accompanied my mother to (name deleted), a local soup kitchen and children' s center. While she attended meetings, I helped with the Summer Program by chasing children around the building and performing magic tricks. Having finally perfected the " floating paintbrush" trick, I began work as a full time volunteer with the five and six year old children last June. It is here that I met Jane Doe, an exceptionally strong girl with a vigor that is contagious.

Copyright Laws in India Essay -- Technology Computers Essays

Copyright Laws in India This document is intended to give a brief overview of the patent and copyrights laws in India and a brief analysis on global issues related to these laws. India has progressed enormously in the field of technology and is ranked tenth in the pool of scientific and technical personnel in the world. There may be hundreds of economical, legal, ethical issues that might have global impact but discussing all of them here is almost impossible. Only the key issues are focused in this paper. India is quickly growing as leading world software producer. It has occupied a secured place in information technology arena by producing high quality software products and software professionals. India also has a fairly well developed system of infrastructure facilities like power, transport, communication and banking. Government of India has recently adopted an increasing liberal approach towards joint venture and import of technology. The country has also revised its patents Acts after a number of foreign companies brought suit against local firms for breach of patents. While computer programs are not currently patentable in India, the country is not without software protection. The Indian Copyright Law explicitly defines the software as a literary work, which can be protected. The statute gives the Indian Central Govt. power to extent copyright protection to foreign works if needed. With the protective necessary statute in place, India has only to enforce them. Enforcement in Ind ia, as in Mexico, indeed seems to be weak spot in controlling intellectual property. We will discuss the details of patens and copyrights issues of India in following sections of this paper. Overview of Patent laws in India The Indian Patent Law does not contain any specific provision regarding the protection of computer programs. Computer programs are not patentable per se, however a claim to a manner of manufacture, which results in a tangible product that requires the application of an algorithm or a particular computer program, may be patentable. Under Section 3(k) of the Patents (Second Amendment) Bill 1999, "a mathematical or a business method or a computer program or algorithms" is not a patentable invention. It appears that computer programs capable of bringing about a technical effect might be allowed, in pursuant to the recommendations made by the... ... of the program to be free software as well.) would prohibit it. Conclusion Software is special . Neither it can be compared to a copyrighted novel nor to a hardware or machinery. Software should be considered as a special case as it forms a unique nexus between the intangible world of abstract concepts and the concrete world of machinery. New discoveries and inventions are taking place everyday in this field. As we discussed above, there are many ethical issues if we protect the software as any other engineering process and there are many issues if we do not protect them. Being a responsible software engineer, I believe that software should be considered as a separate entity (different from other engineering processes or literary work) and new laws should be defined only applicable to software. References i. The patent and copyrights law in India, http://www.singhania.com/ip/contents.html ii. The Danger of Software Patents - by Richard M. Stallman, http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/stallman-mec-india.html iii. Philosophies of Free Software and Intellectual Property - by Brett Watson, http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/free-software-philosophy.html